Anatomy of the Shoulder
The shoulder is a complex structure made of three separate joints. They work together to give the shoulder a tremendous range of motion. Let's take a closer look at the main parts of the shoulder anatomy.
Bones
Included in the shoulder anatomy are three bones. The humerus is the large bone of the upper arm. The scapula, commonly called the "shoulder blade," is a flat, triangular bone at the rear of the shoulder. It has two large protrusions, the acromion and the coracoid process. And finally, the clavicle, often called the "collarbone," is a long, thin bone positioned between the scapula and the sternum.
Glenohumeral Joint
The glenohumeral joint, one of three joints that make up the shoulder anatomy, is where the humerus meets the scapula. This is a ball-and-socket joint. The "ball" is the head of the humerus. The "socket" is the glenoid, a shallow cavity in the scapula. The surfaces of the ball and the socket are covered with a tough, smooth layer of articular cartilage. A ring of cartilage called the "labrum" surrounds the glenoid. The joint is surrounded by a sac called the "joint capsule" and the glenohumeral ligaments. The glenohumeral joint allows the arm to be raised and rotated.
Acromioclavicular Joint
The acromioclavicular joint, also called the "AC" joint, is where the clavicle meets the acromion of the scapula. The ends of these bones are covered with articular cartilage. They are connected by the acromioclavicular ligament and are stabilized by the coracoclavicular ligament. The AC joint plays a role in lifting the arm.
Sternoclavicular Joint
The sternoclavicular joint is where the other end of the clavicle meets the sternum. It allows the clavicle to move, and plays a role in thrusting the arm and shoulder forward.
